Practice

1.1Physical quantities and measurement techniques

• 1six turns of string pen What is the distance once round the pen?1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Describe how to determine the volume of the piece of metal, using the equipment in Fig. 2.1.4 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain why this procedure is not suitable for finding the volume of a piece of low-density wood that is a similar shape and size to the piece of metal.1 mark

1.2Motion

• 1(a)(i)Draw one line from each letter to the correct description.2 marks
• 1(a)(ii)Determine the speed of the car at time = 4.0 s.1 mark
• 1(b)Define the term velocity.1 mark
• 1(a)Define acceleration.1 mark
• 2S distance Q R P 0 0 time Which row describes the speed of the vehicle in each section of the graph?1 mark
• 4D Runner 2 is slowing down.1 mark
• 1(a)State your answer in seconds.1 mark
• 1(b)Calculate the average speed of this train.3 marks
• 1(c)Using the graph, determine the total distance travelled by this train on this part of the track.4 marks
• 1(a)Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time t = 30 s.3 marks
• 1(b)Using ideas about forces, explain why any change in the acceleration has occurred.2 marks
• 1(c)Determine the distance travelled by the vehicle between time t = 120 s and time t = 160 s.3 marks

1.3Mass and weight

• 3D Weight is calculated by dividing mass by the acceleration of free fall.1 mark
• 2(a)Calculate the mass of the metal.2 marks

1.4Density

• 2(b)Describe a method that the student uses.3 marks
• 5Which row for the densities of object P, object Q and the liquid is possible?1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)Calculate the density of this piece of metal, in g/cm³.3 marks
• 5(b)(i)Calculate the mass of ice on the lake.2 marks

1.5Forces

• 3(a)(i)State the size and the direction of the resultant force.2 marks
• 3(a)(ii)Suggest what causes the 80 N force on the boat in Fig. 3.1.1 mark
• 3(a)(iii)Describe the horizontal motion of this boat.1 mark
• 1(c)(i)Explain why this happens.4 marks
• 63.0cm 6.0cm 9.0cm 2.0N 4.0N Which row gives the correct extensions of the spring?1 mark
• 7Which row gives possible values for P and for Q?1 mark
• 8Where is the centre of gravity of the tile?1 mark
• 3(a)(i)Give the unit.4 marks
• 3(a)(ii)Describe another example of using the turning effect of a force.1 mark
• 3(b)Describe how the man can increase the turning effect without increasing the force.1 mark
• 1(b)Using ideas about forces, explain why any change in the acceleration has occurred.2 marks
• 2(a)Complete the definitions by giving the name of each quantity.2 marks

1.6Momentum

• 2(a)Complete the definitions by giving the name of each quantity.2 marks
• 2(b)(i)Calculate the momentum of the ball as it leaves the golf club.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Calculate the average resultant force acting on the ball while it is in contact with the golf club.2 marks

1.7Energy, work and power

• 4(a)State two reasons, apart from cost, for reducing the amount of fossil fuel burned.2 marks
• 4(b)(i)Describe how a hydroelectric power station generates electrical power.3 marks
• 4(b)(ii)State two other disadvantages of using a hydroelectric power station to generate electrical power.2 marks
• 4(c)Suggest one method of storing the electrical energy generated by a wind turbine.1 mark
• 2(b)State the energy transfer that takes place as the spring expands.2 marks
• 99 Which source of energy is renewable?1 mark
• 10Which quantities can be used to calculate the useful power of the man?1 mark
• 4(a)Name the energy source used by each method: the energy source in Fig. 4.1, and the energy source in Fig. 4.2.2 marks
• 4(b)(i)State two advantages of using the renewable sources in either Fig. 4.1 or Fig. 4.2 for generating electrical power compared to using a coal-fired power station.2 marks
• 4(b)(ii)State one disadvantage of using the renewable sources in either Fig. 4.1 or Fig. 4.2 for generating electrical power compared to using a coal-fired power station.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)State the type of energy stored in the ball during its contact with the golf club.1 mark
• 3(c)State two advantages and two disadvantages of using solar cells to generate electrical power.4 marks

1.8Pressure

• 11D The pressure of the pin on the notice board is greater than the pressure of the pin on her thumb.1 mark
• 12Which fish experiences the greatest pressure?1 mark
• 5(b)Calculate the pressure produced by the bottle on the table, in N/cm².3 marks

2.1Kinetic particle model of matter

• 5(a)Describe the arrangement, separation and motion of gas particles.3 marks
• 3(a)State one way in which the motion of the particles in ice differs from the motion of the particles in water.1 mark
• 13D They move faster.1 mark
• 14D Smoke particles hit the walls of the container.1 mark
• 5(a)(i)State what happens to the pressure of the air in the bottle.1 mark
• 5(a)(ii)Use ideas about gas particles in your answer.4 marks
• 4(a)Using ideas about momentum, explain how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the balloon.3 marks
• 4(b)(i)Explain why the pressure in the balloon decreases as the balloon rises.2 marks
• 4(b)(ii)Calculate the pressure of the helium when its volume is 12 m³.2 marks
• 5(a)Compare the arrangement and motion of the particles in ice and in liquid water.2 marks

2.2Thermal properties and temperature

• 15D The glass bottle expands.1 mark
• 16Which changes of state do these statements describe?1 mark
• 6(a)Determine the rise in temperature of the water as it passes between Tank A and Tank B.1 mark
• 5(b)(ii)Calculate the change in energy as the temperature falls.2 marks

2.3Transfer of thermal energy

• 6(a)Describe how the student can compare the conduction of thermal energy through the rods in Fig. 6.1.2 marks
• 3(b)(i)State the name of the thermal process that transfers energy from the water to the ice.1 mark
• 3(b)(iii)Explain how convection causes the temperature of all the water in the beaker to decrease.3 marks
• 17cold gap hot Which material in the gap allows the quickest transfer of thermal energy between the surfaces by conduction?1 mark
• 18D X is a better radiator of thermal energy than Y.1 mark
• 6(b)State three improvements she can make to increase the thermal energy absorbed.3 marks
• 6(c)Describe the processes that transfer the thermal energy from the Sun to the water inside the pipe.2 marks

3.1General properties of waves

• 5(a)Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave.2 marks
• 5(b)(i)Justify your choice.1 mark
• 1919 Which arrow on the graph shows the amplitude of the wave?1 mark
• 20water wave Which term describes the effect shown?1 mark
• 7(a)Label the distance W.1 mark
• 7(b)Determine the amplitude of the wave, in cm.1 mark
• 7(c)Calculate the frequency of the wave, in Hz.2 marks
• 7(d)Explain how the motion of the ball shows that the water wave is transverse.1 mark
• 7(e)State another example of a transverse wave (other than a water wave).1 mark

3.2Light

• 7(a)(i)Indicate the angle of reflection by drawing a letter R on Fig. 7.1.1 mark
• 7(a)(ii)State the size of the angle of reflection in Fig. 7.1.1 mark
• 7(b)(i)On Fig. 7.2, locate the image of O by continuing the path of each ray.2 marks
• 7(b)(ii)Draw an arrow to represent the image of O.1 mark
• 7(c)(i)State the name of the effect that produces a spectrum.1 mark
• 4(a)(i)State what is meant by 'focal point'.2 marks
• 4(a)(ii)On Fig. 4.1, mark: • a point X on the principal axis for a possible position of the object • a point E for a possible position of the student's eye.1 mark
• 4(a)(iii)Underline two words in the list that describe the image produced.1 mark
• 4(b)(ii)State what happens to the wavelength of light as it passes into the lens.1 mark
• 4(c)State the name of the problem and explain how a converging lens is used to correct it.3 marks
• 21Which diagram shows how the beam is reflected by the mirror?1 mark
• 22Which labelled path is taken by the light travelling from the fish to the boy’s eye?1 mark
• 2323 Which diagram shows the formation of a real image of an object O placed in front of a converging lens?1 mark
• 8(a)State which angle w, x, y or z, is the angle of refraction.1 mark
• 6(a)(ii)Underline three of the terms below that describe the image shown in Fig. 6.2.2 marks
• 6(b)On Fig. 6.3, draw the path of the blue light as it enters, passes through and leaves the prism.2 marks

3.3Electromagnetic spectrum

• 6(b)(ii)Give one use of the radiation in this region.2 marks
• 24D X-rays are used in thermal imaging.1 mark
• 9(a)(i)State the name of this part.1 mark
• 9(a)(ii)State the value for the speed of infrared waves in a vacuum.1 mark
• 9(a)(iii)State one example.1 mark
• 9(b)(i)Describe one medical use for X-rays and one medical use for γ-rays.2 marks
• 9(b)(ii)State two reasons why γ-rays are dangerous to living things.2 marks

3.4Sound

• 25D The volume of the sound is decreasing.1 mark
• 7(a)State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.1 mark
• 7(b)Using your value for the speed of sound in air, calculate the frequency of the sound wave.2 marks
• 7(c)Describe and explain how to use ultrasound to determine the size and position of the bubble inside the metal block.4 marks

4.1Simple phenomena of magnetism

• 8(a)(i)State one material which is suitable for the core of the electromagnet.1 mark
• 8(b)(i)State the name of a piece of equipment that can show the direction of a magnetic field.1 mark
• 8(b)(ii)State the name of the pole labelled X on the core of the electromagnet.1 mark
• 2626 What material can a temporary magnet be made from?1 mark
• 27Which compass correctly shows the direction of the magnetic field due to the magnet?1 mark

4.2Electrical quantities

• 6(a)(i)State what is meant by 'electric field'.1 mark
• 6(a)(ii)Draw at least four lines.3 marks
• 28What happens to the plastic rod and what is the charge on the cloth?1 mark
• 29in the circuit?1 mark
• 10(c)Calculate the resistance of the motor.3 marks
• 9(a)Referring to the charge on the ball, explain why the ball moves to the positive plate after touching the negative plate.2 marks
• 9(b)State which particles move when there is a current and state the direction in which they move through the sensitive ammeter.2 marks
• 9(c)Calculate the current shown on the sensitive ammeter.3 marks

4.3Electric circuits

• 7(b)(i)Draw a circuit diagram that shows all the 1.5 V cells connected to produce an e.m.f.3 marks
• 30fan motor power M supply X computer Which component should be placed at X to make this happen?1 mark
• 31R S T switch When the switch is open, which lamp(s) are not lit?1 mark
• 10(a)On Fig. 10.1, circle the symbol representing the heater.1 mark
• 10(b)Explain the function of the variable resistor in this circuit.2 marks
• 8(a)Calculate the combined resistance between Y and Z.4 marks
• 8(b)Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across the 8.0 Ω resistor.2 marks

4.4Electrical safety

• 9(a)(i)State the name of each of the three wires inside the power cable.2 marks
• 9(a)(ii)Suggest one hazard due to a current of 30 A in the cable.1 mark
• 32Which danger does this guard against?1 mark

4.5Electromagnetic effects

• 33supply C magnetic effect allowing a small current to switch on a large current D magnetic effect changing the voltage of an a.c.1 mark
• 34In which situation is the largest electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced?1 mark
• 35output turns How many turns are there on the secondary coil?1 mark
• 36magnetic field line wire with current into the page Which row describes the magnetic field?1 mark
• 12(a)Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.2 marks
• 12(b)Calculate the current in the primary circuit.2 marks

5.1The nuclear model of the atom

• 10(a)(ii)Determine the number of electrons in one atom of strontium-90.1 mark
• 8(a)(iii)Suggest one reason why a nucleus of thallium-208 is unstable.1 mark
• 37Which row in the table is correct?1 mark
• 11(a)On Fig. 11.1 draw a line from each symbol to the correct description for that symbol.3 marks

5.2Radioactivity

• 10(b)Describe the nature of β-particles.1 mark
• 8(a)(i)Complete the equation for this decay.3 marks
• 8(a)(ii)Explain why this γ-emission does not affect the numbers in the decay equation.1 mark
• 8(b)On Fig. 8.1: • draw a line labelled β to indicate the path of the β-particles in the magnetic field • draw a line labelled γ to indicate the path of the γ-radiation in the magnetic field.3 marks
• 38D α-particles have the same charge as β-particles.1 mark
• 11(b)Calculate the mass of this isotope that remains in the sample after 18 years.3 marks
• 10(a)(i)Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.2 marks
• 10(a)(ii)Explain why beta (β) emitters or gamma (γ) emitters are not used in smoke detectors.1 mark
• 10(b)Calculate the time required for this decay.3 marks

6.1Earth and the Solar System

• 11(a)State the names of two other categories of bodies in the Solar System.2 marks
• 11(b)State the name of the galaxy that includes our Solar System.1 mark
• 3939 Which type of object orbits the Sun?1 mark
• 12(a)(i)State the three main forms of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun.2 marks
• 12(a)(ii)State the two main elements that are found in the Sun.1 mark

6.2Stars and the Universe

• 11(c)Describe how the light from distant galaxies gives evidence to support the Big Bang Theory.3 marks
• 9(c)(i)Describe and explain what happens as an interstellar cloud of gas forms a protostar.2 marks
• 9(c)(ii)Describe and explain what happens as a protostar becomes a stable star.3 marks
• 40D The light from stars in all distant galaxies is moved towards the red end of the spectrum.1 mark
• 12(b)State and explain what can be deduced from the 'redshift' observed by astronomers in the light from all distant galaxies.3 marks
• 3(a)(i)State the name of the process which releases energy in the Sun.1 mark
• 3(a)(ii)Describe what happens in this process.2 marks
• 11(a)Describe and explain how a stable star is formed.3 marks
• 11(b)Describe and explain what can be deduced from cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR).3 marks

1.1Physical quantities and measurement techniques

• 10 1 2 3 cm 0 1 2 3 cm What is the length of the object X?1 mark
• 2Which row shows scalar quantities and vector quantities?1 mark
• 1micrometer wire 30 mm 0 5 25 20 What is the reading shown on the micrometer?1 mark
• 21.5 N 2.0 N object What is the magnitude of the resultant force?1 mark
• 7cm3 cm3 40 60 30 50 What are the correct values for the volumes of water and rock?1 mark
• 1cm3 cm3 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 20 g 54 g What is the mass and what is the volume of the object?1 mark
• 22 Which quantity is a vector?1 mark
• 1(a)(i)Use the set squares to measure the positions of A and B to the nearest 0.1 cm.1 mark
• 1(a)(ii)Use your answers to (a)(i) to find l and d, both to the nearest 0.1 cm.2 marks
• 1(a)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball in cm³ using V = 3.14d³/6.1 mark
• 1(b)(i)Use your own measurements.1 mark
• 1(b)(ii)Calculate their total volume Vₜ = V₂ − V₁ in cm³.1 mark
• 1(b)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball from method 2.1 mark
• 1(c)Suggest which method gives the more accurate volume and explain why.1 mark
• 1(d)Describe the method, record the readings and give the mass in g.2 marks
• 1(a)(i)Read from Fig. 1.1 the positions of A and B to the nearest 0.1 cm.1 mark
• 1(a)(ii)Use your answers to (a)(i) to find l and d, both to the nearest 0.1 cm.2 marks
• 1(a)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball in cm³ using V = 3.14d³/6.1 mark
• 1(b)(i)Write down volume V₁ in cm³ shown in Fig. 1.2.1 mark
• 1(b)(ii)Show working.1 mark
• 1(b)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball from method 2, to the nearest 0.1 cm³.1 mark
• 1(c)Suggest which method gives the more accurate volume and explain why.1 mark
• 1(d)Describe how the student uses the six glass balls, a small beaker and a top-pan electronic balance to find the average mass of one ball.2 marks
• 3(a)(i)Measure distance x on Fig. 3.1 in cm.1 mark
• 1start finish two full turns mark on cylinder 0 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 not to scale What is the circumference of the cylinder?1 mark
• 22 Which diagram shows the vector addition of a 4.0 N force and a 3.0 N force?1 mark
• 3(a)(i)Measure and record d and w for one of your masses, including units.1 mark
• 3(a)(ii)Describe how to determine the position of the centre of the masses on the metre rule.1 mark
• 3(a)(iii)Show your working and give L in cm.2 marks
• 3(b)(i)Show your working and give t in seconds.2 marks
• 3(b)(ii)Use your own measurements.3 marks
• 3(c)Explain why it is not practical to reduce L below 40 cm.1 mark
• 3(d)Use graph paper.4 marks
• 3(a)Measure d and w on Fig. 3.1 and record both lengths with units.1 mark
• 3(b)(i)Describe how to determine the position of the centre of the masses on the rule.1 mark
• 3(b)(ii)Suggest why the masses are not attached to the lower side of the metre rule.1 mark
• 3(b)(iii)Show working; give L in cm.2 marks
• 3(c)(i)Show your working.2 marks
• 3(c)(ii)Complete the first row of Table 3.1 and give an appropriate unit for each column heading.1 mark
• 3(c)(iii)Use graph paper.4 marks
• 3(c)(iv)Use your graph to estimate t when L = 60 cm.1 mark
• 3(d)Explain why it is not practical to reduce L below 40 cm.1 mark
• 2(b)Suggest why microphone A was not placed at the 0.0 cm mark.1 mark
• 2(d)Suggest one way to obtain a more accurate speed using the same apparatus.1 mark

1.2Motion

• 3Which conclusions are correct?1 mark
• 44 Which speed–time graph represents the motion of a railway train making a short stop at a station?1 mark
• 33 Which equation defines acceleration?1 mark
• 9resultant force 0 0 t 0 time Which graph is the speed–time graph for the object?1 mark
• 3time interval/s 0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8 8–10 10–12 distance travelled 10 10 11 13 16 23 in time interval/m Which statement describes the motion of the car?1 mark
• 1(a)(i)On Fig. 1.2, mark: • with the letter P one point where the ball accelerates • with the letter Q one point where the ball has constant speed.2 marks
• 1(a)(ii)Show your working.3 marks
• 36.0 speed m / s 0 0 4.0 time / s What is the distance travelled in the first 4.0 s?1 mark
• 1(a)(i)On Fig. 1.1, mark X at a point where the stone has constant speed and Y at a point where the stone is decelerating.2 marks
• 1(c)(i)Draw a tangent on Fig. 1.1 and show your working.3 marks

1.3Mass and weight

• 4What is the approximate weight of a 1kg mass on the Moon?1 mark
• 66 Which row shows a definition of the mass of an object and an instrument used to measure mass?1 mark
• 8(b)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
• 4Which row describes how his mass and his weight compare with their sizes on Earth?1 mark
• 1(a)(ii)Name the force accelerating the stone at this time.1 mark

1.4Density

• 7Which items of equipment are needed?1 mark
• 11Which equation is used to calculate the density of the metal from which the block is made?1 mark
• 4density of X What is the value of the ratio ?1 mark

1.5Forces

• 5What is the pressure exerted on the palm of each of the athlete’s hands?1 mark
• 6D The upward force on the parachute is less than the weight of the parachutist.1 mark
• 8load/N 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 extension/cm 0 3 6 9 12 15 20 27 38 Between which two loads is the limit of proportionality?1 mark
• 9Which force is the other force in the pair?1 mark
• 12Where is the centre of gravity of the object?1 mark
• 88 Which list contains only quantities that can be changed by a force?1 mark
• 9resultant force 0 0 t 0 time Which graph is the speed–time graph for the object?1 mark
• 10Which diagram shows the free-body diagram for the object?1 mark
• 11load X 0 0 extension What does point X show?1 mark
• 12What is the direction of the resultant force acting on the car?1 mark
• 13On which part of the plank is the object placed?1 mark
• 14D Objects with identical bases are more stable when the centre of gravity is higher.1 mark
• 5In which direction does the surface push back on the object?1 mark
• 6Which row gives the expression for calculating the thinking distance and gives a variable that affects thinking distance?1 mark
• 7What is the total length of the spring when the weight of the suspended mass is 3.0N?1 mark
• 83 The moment of a force is equal to the force × pressure on the pivot.1 mark
• 9Which object is the most stable?1 mark
• 1(d)On Fig. 1.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of the resultant force on the ball at point B.1 mark
• 55 Which object has the largest resultant force acting on it?1 mark
• 6What force is exerted by the trailer on the tractor?1 mark
• 7Which row describes the acceleration of the skydiver and the velocity of the skydiver?1 mark
• 88 Which car experiences a resultant force that is not zero?1 mark
• 9Where must the centre of gravity of the car be?1 mark
• 1(b)(i)State the force of air resistance acting on the stone at t = 0.1 mark
• 1(b)(ii)State the force of air resistance acting on the stone at t = 10 s.1 mark
• 1(b)(iii)Explain why the force of air resistance changes between t = 0 and t = 10 s.1 mark
• 1(c)(ii)Show your working.2 marks

1.6Momentum

• 2(c)(i)Calculate the momentum of the aircraft at the maximum speed.2 marks
• 2(c)(ii)Calculate the time taken for the aircraft to reach the maximum speed.2 marks

1.7Energy, work and power

• 13fossil fuel hydroelectric solar nuclear geothermal wind tides How many of these energy sources are renewable energy sources?1 mark
• 15What is the name of this energy store?1 mark
• 16D It stays the same.1 mark
• 1717 What is the definition of efficiency?1 mark
• 18Which equation is used to calculate the power P required to lift the object?1 mark
• 103.0 m 8.0 m Which calculation gives the change in gravitational potential energy from the bottom to the top?1 mark
• 11NOT TO 1.5 m SCALE 2.0 m What is the work done against the force of gravity?1 mark
• 1212 Which method of producing electricity does not involve a turbine?1 mark
• 13What is the efficiency of the lamp?1 mark
• 1(b)Arrange these four speeds from slowest to fastest (slowest → fastest).1 mark
• 1(c)Name the force involved in the work done and describe the energy transfer.3 marks
• 3(b)(iv)Using your answer to (iii) and Fig. 3.2, determine the power of the heater used to warm the ice.2 marks
• 10What is the equation for the work done on the block by the rope?1 mark
• 1111 Which uses a non-renewable energy source?1 mark
• 12generator?1 mark
• 2(b)Apart from transfers of thermal energy, describe the energy transfers as the car accelerates up the hill.3 marks
• 2(c)Calculate its speed.3 marks
• 4(a)Name this energy resource.1 mark

1.8Pressure

• 5What is the pressure exerted on the palm of each of the athlete’s hands?1 mark
• 19D The weight of the block is 1.0N and A is 1.0m2.1 mark
• 20In which container is the force exerted by the liquid on the bottom of the container the greatest?1 mark
• 14atmospheric pressure = 100000Pa density of water = 1000kg/m3 What is the total pressure acting on the camera?1 mark
• 2(b)Show your working.2 marks
• 13Which height is a measure of the atmospheric pressure?1 mark

2.1Kinetic particle model of matter

• 10What is the new volume of this sample of gas?1 mark
• 14D It has melted.1 mark
• 15Which graph shows the relationship between the temperature and the volume of a sample of gas at constant pressure?1 mark
• 211 2 3 Which words complete the table?1 mark
• 22What is the pressure of the trapped air when the tube is vertical?1 mark
• 23X Y gas liquid solid Which row gives the names of the two changes of state?1 mark
• 1515 In which example are the particles in fixed positions?1 mark
• 16D They stay the same distance apart and their average speed decreases.1 mark
• 17Which syringe shows the smallest pressure change?1 mark
• 2(a)(i)Explain, using ideas about particles, how the steam creates a pressure on the piston.2 marks
• 2(a)(ii)Explain why the pressure on the piston increases as the temperature of the steam increases.2 marks
• 14D They vibrate faster.1 mark
• 3(a)Explain, in terms of particles, how the air exerts pressure on the inside surface of the bag.2 marks
• 3(b)(i)Calculate the volume of the air in the bag at ground level.2 marks
• 3(b)(ii)State one assumption made in your calculation in (b)(i).1 mark
• 3(c)Sketch on Fig. 3.2 how the volume of the air in the bag varies with pressure.2 marks

2.2Thermal properties and temperatuare

• 16D The kinetic energy of its particles increases.1 mark
• 211 2 3 Which words complete the table?1 mark
• 18Which physical property changes so that the temperature can be measured?1 mark
• 19D When a boiling liquid is heated its temperature remains constant.1 mark
• 3(b)(i)State the melting temperature of ice in kelvin.1 mark
• 3(b)(ii)Explain why the temperature of the water is constant as the ice melts.2 marks
• 3(b)(iii)Calculate the energy required to warm the ice to its melting temperature.2 marks
• 3(b)(iv)Using your answer to (iii) and Fig. 3.2, determine the power of the heater used to warm the ice.2 marks
• 3(b)(v)Suggest one reason why.1 mark
• 2(a)(i)Measure the temperature θ, start the stopwatch immediately and record the reading in Table 2.1 at t = 0 s.1 mark
• 2(a)(i)Record the initial temperature in Table 2.1.1 mark
• 15D The metal lid expands.1 mark
• 16Which term describes this process?1 mark
• 4(b)(i)Calculate the thermal energy needed to heat this water.2 marks
• 4(b)(ii)Explain why 1 kg of steam at 100 °C gives out more thermal energy when it cools to water at 20 °C than 1 kg of water at 100 °C cooling to 20 °C.3 marks

2.3Transfer of thermal energy

• 17Which can cools the most rapidly?1 mark
• 24Which surface transfers energy by thermal radiation at the fastest rate?1 mark
• 25Which sphere emits infrared radiation at the greatest rate?1 mark
• 20D The water at the side falls because it becomes less dense.1 mark
• 21D Shiny metal foil is a poor emitter of infrared radiation.1 mark
• 3(a)By referring to particles, describe the process of thermal conduction in a metal.2 marks
• 2(a)(ii)Use your own measurements.1 mark
• 2(a)(iii)Give the unit.2 marks
• 2(a)(iv)Give the unit.1 mark
• 2(a)(v)Compare C₁ and C₂ and explain any difference.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Measure the initial temperature of the hot water and start the stopwatch.1 mark
• 2(b)(ii)Give the unit.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)Explain your answer.1 mark
• 2(b)(iv)State one variable to keep constant for a valid comparison of C₁ and C₃.1 mark
• 2(a)(ii)Explain why the water is carefully stirred before each temperature reading.1 mark
• 2(a)(iii)Give the unit.2 marks
• 2(a)(iv)Give the unit.1 mark
• 2(a)(v)Compare C₁ and C₂ and explain any difference.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Give the unit.1 mark
• 2(b)(ii)Explain your answer.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)By referring to the results in both tables, explain why this experiment is not a valid comparison of C₁ and C₃.1 mark
• 2(b)(iv)State one other variable that should be kept constant for a valid comparison.1 mark
• 2(a)(i)Describe one way in which the car gains thermal energy.1 mark
• 2(a)(ii)Describe one way in which the car loses thermal energy.1 mark
• 4Explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to control; draw a table or tables with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
• 4Explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to control; draw a table or tables with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks

3.1General properties of waves

• 26speed of sound wavelength wave m / s / m 1 340 0.19 2 1500 0.050 3 4000 0.23 4 6700 0.31 Which waves are ultrasound waves?1 mark
• 2222 Which quantity is defined as the number of wavelengths passing a point per second?1 mark
• 4(a)(i)State what is meant by 'frequency'.1 mark
• 4(a)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
• 4(b)(i)Describe, by referring to the movement of the particles in the wave, the difference between a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave.3 marks
• 4(b)(ii)State one source of waves that generates both longitudinal and transverse waves.1 mark
• 4(c)Explain why the radio waves in diagram A reach the house but the radio waves in diagram B do not reach the house.2 marks
• 17What is the wavelength of this sound in the sea?1 mark
• 20Which distance is the wavelength of the wave?1 mark
• 5(a)Select all the words which describe light waves: electromagnetic, longitudinal, radioactive, transverse.1 mark

3.2Light

• 19What is the new angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray?1 mark
• 21principal axis S O P Q R Which row describes the image formed and gives the position of a principal focus (focal point) of the lens?1 mark
• 2222 In which diagram is the path of the light ray not correct?1 mark
• 23In which direction does the ray of light travel after reaching point Y?1 mark
• 27Which equation is used to calculate the angle of refraction r?1 mark
• 2828 Which diagram shows a ray of light that is reflected by a plane mirror?1 mark
• 29Which statement describes the image produced?1 mark
• 30air glass 40° 50° 20° What is a possible critical angle for light in the glass?1 mark
• 31In which case is the magnification produced the greatest?1 mark
• 23What are characteristics of the image formed?1 mark
• 24What is the angle of refraction inside the block?1 mark
• 2525 Which diagram shows rays of light passing through a converging lens?1 mark
• 26D The white light refracts away from the normal as it enters the prism.1 mark
• 3(a)(i)Describe two differences between the illuminated object and its image.2 marks
• 3(a)(ii)Use your own observations.1 mark
• 3(a)(iii)Deduce distance v from the centre of the lens to the screen.1 mark
• 3(a)(iv)Use D = 60.0, 70.0, 80.0, 90.0, 100.0 cm.1 mark
• 3(a)(v)Calculate u × v for each D and record the products to 3 significant figures.2 marks
• 3(b)Draw the straight line of best fit.4 marks
• 3(c)Give f in cm.2 marks
• 3(d)State either “agrees” or “does not agree”.1 mark
• 3(a)(i)Measure distance x on Fig. 3.1 in cm.1 mark
• 3(a)(ii)Use the one-fifth scale and your value of x to calculate the actual object distance u in cm.1 mark
• 3(a)(iii)Deduce the image distance v from the lens to the screen in cm.1 mark
• 3(b)Describe two differences between them.2 marks
• 3(c)(i)Complete the first row with your u and v, then calculate u × v for every row to 3 significant figures.2 marks
• 3(c)(ii)Draw the straight line of best fit.4 marks
• 3(c)(iii)Give f in cm.2 marks
• 3(d)State either “agrees” or “does not agree”.1 mark
• 1880° mirror What is the angle of incidence and what is the angle of reflection?1 mark
• 19position of lens O P Q Which point P or Q is a principal focus and what type of image is formed?1 mark
• 5(b)Calculate the angle of refraction r.2 marks
• 5(c)(i)Calculate the critical angle of the glass.2 marks
• 5(c)(ii)State and explain what happens to the ray at P.2 marks
• 2(a)Describe two precautions to ensure the apparatus is set up safely.2 marks
• 2(b)Use your own laboratory observations.2 marks
• 2(c)(i)Measure x from the centre of the lens to the centre of the lamp and y from the bench to the centre of the lens.2 marks
• 2(c)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
• 2(d)(i)State why this arrangement cannot accurately determine the focal length of the clamped lens.1 mark
• 2(d)(ii)Suggest how to change the arrangement to determine the focal length accurately.1 mark
• 2(a)Describe two precautions to ensure that the apparatus is set up safely.2 marks
• 2(b)Sketch on Fig. 2.3 how D changes with x.2 marks
• 2(c)(i)Calculate y in cm.2 marks
• 2(c)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
• 2(d)(i)State why the arrangement in Fig. 2.1 cannot determine f accurately.1 mark
• 2(d)(ii)Suggest how to change the arrangement to determine the focal length accurately.1 mark

3.3Electromagnetic spectrum

• 20Which list shows these colours in order of increasing frequency?1 mark
• 2727 Which components of the electromagnetic spectrum are used to communicate from a remote controller to a television set and from the Earth to a satellite?1 mark
• 5(a)Select all the words which describe light waves: electromagnetic, longitudinal, radioactive, transverse.1 mark

3.4Sound

• 18Which words complete gaps 1, 2 and 3?1 mark
• 24What is the speed of sound that the student’s value suggests?1 mark
• 25What is heard?1 mark
• 5What is the depth of the sea?1 mark
• 26speed of sound wavelength wave m / s / m 1 340 0.19 2 1500 0.050 3 4000 0.23 4 6700 0.31 Which waves are ultrasound waves?1 mark
• 28NOT TO SCALE student wall x What is the distance x between the student and the wall?1 mark
• 4(a)(iii)State one use of ultrasound.1 mark
• 17What is the wavelength of this sound in the sea?1 mark
• 20Which distance is the wavelength of the wave?1 mark
• 2(a)Calculate the travel time from A to B, in ms.1 mark
• 2(c)Using speed = distance travelled / time taken, calculate the speed of sound in m/s.1 mark
• 2(d)Suggest one way to obtain a more accurate speed using the same apparatus.1 mark

4.1Simple magnetism and magnetic fields

• 26What are the magnetic poles at the ends of the soft-iron bar?1 mark
• 32W X S N S S Which diagram shows the poles induced in ball Y?1 mark
• 29D The needle is a permanent magnet and X is a south magnetic pole.1 mark
• 2222 What material can a temporary magnet be made from?1 mark

4.2Electrical quantities

• 2727 Which material is an electrical conductor at room temperature?1 mark
• 28Which row correctly describes the magnitude and sign of the charge on the cloth and the type of force between the balloon and the cloth?1 mark
• 30How much charge flows during the lightning strike?1 mark
• 33P Q Which combination of resistors is inside the tube?1 mark
• 30Which row shows the direction of electron transfer and the final charge on both materials?1 mark
• 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.2 sketch a current−voltage graph for a filament lamp.1 mark
• 5(b)(ii)Explain the shape of the current−voltage graph drawn in (i).2 marks
• 4Draw a circuit diagram; explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to keep constant; draw a results table with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
• 4Draw a circuit diagram; explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to keep constant; draw a results table with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
• 23insulating thread + ball covered + with metallic + paint + positively + charged rod + Which diagram shows the charge distribution on the ball?1 mark
• 24What is the average current in the appliance?1 mark
• 25What is the resistance of the longer wire?1 mark
• 28How much energy is transferred from the battery in 30 minutes?1 mark
• 6(a)(ii)Calculate the reading on the ammeter.2 marks
• 1(a)Measure the voltmeter reading in V.1 mark
• 1(e)Describe one precaution to ensure that the reading from your voltmeter is accurate.1 mark
• 1(a)(i)Record the reading in V and in the first row of Table 1.1.1 mark
• 1(d)Describe one precaution to ensure a voltmeter reading is accurate.1 mark

4.3Electric circuits

• 29In which circuit does the coil of the motor rotate the fastest?1 mark
• 3333 Which component is used in an electric circuit to detect changes in temperature?1 mark
• 33P Q Which combination of resistors is inside the tube?1 mark
• 343 D It increases from 0 to E.1 mark
• 3131 Which circuit contains a heater and a fuse?1 mark
• 32Which diagram shows the circuit?1 mark
• 5(a)Complete Fig. 5.1 by drawing the symbol for a fuse in the gap in the circuit.1 mark
• 5(c)Calculate the current at point P in the circuit shown in Fig. 5.1.3 marks
• 2626 Which electrical symbol represents a fuse?1 mark
• 27reading on P / V e.m.f.1 mark
• 6(a)(i)Calculate the combined resistance of the LDR and the 1800 Ω resistor.2 marks
• 6(a)(ii)Calculate the reading on the ammeter.2 marks
• 6(b)(i)State and explain the effect on the current in the LDR.1 mark
• 6(b)(ii)State and explain the effect on the current in the 1800 Ω resistor.1 mark
• 1(a)Measure the voltmeter reading in V.1 mark
• 1(b)Use the syringe to add 2 cm³ of cloudy liquid to the water and stir.1 mark
• 1(c)Use your own laboratory measurements.2 marks
• 1(d)(i)Draw a tangent to your curve in Fig. 1.2 at 5 cm³.1 mark
• 1(d)(ii)Show your working and indicate on your graph in Fig. 1.2 the values you use.2 marks
• 1(f)Suggest two variables which are difficult to control that may cause this difference.2 marks
• 1(a)(i)Record the reading in V and in the first row of Table 1.1.1 mark
• 1(a)(ii)Explain why the two liquids must be stirred together.1 mark
• 1(b)Plot the voltmeter reading against the volume on Fig. 1.3 and draw the best-fit curve.2 marks
• 1(c)(i)Draw a tangent to your curve on Fig. 1.3 at 5 cm³.1 mark
• 1(c)(ii)Show working and indicate on Fig. 1.3 the values you use.2 marks
• 1(e)Suggest two variables which are difficult to control that may cause this difference.2 marks

4.4Practical electricity

• 34What is the appropriate rating for the fuse in the circuit?1 mark
• 33How much energy is transferred to thermal energy during 10s?1 mark
• 5(d)(i)Suggest a suitable fuse rating for the fuse.1 mark
• 5(d)(ii)Explain why a fuse rating much larger than the value suggested in (i) is not suitable.2 marks
• 5(d)(iii)Explain why it is necessary to connect a fuse in the live wire rather than the neutral wire or earth wire.1 mark
• 28How much energy is transferred from the battery in 30 minutes?1 mark
• 2929 What is the unit for the energy used by an electrical appliance?1 mark
• 8(a)(i)Give your answer in kW h.1 mark
• 8(a)(ii)Calculate the current in each lamp.2 marks
• 8(b)Explain why the switches are connected in the live wire.2 marks
• 8(c)State one advantage of connecting the lamps in parallel.1 mark

4.5Electromagnetic effects

• 29In which circuit does the coil of the motor rotate the fastest?1 mark
• 31D The forces are in opposite directions, and the conductors are forced towards each other.1 mark
• 32motor work?1 mark
• 35What is the output voltage?1 mark
• 3535 Which device works due to electromagnetic induction?1 mark
• 34rotation of coil coil N X Y What are X and Y?1 mark
• 35Which sentences are correct?1 mark
• 36How many turns are on the secondary coil?1 mark
• 6(a)(i)State what happens to the motor if a stronger magnet is used.1 mark
• 6(a)(ii)On Fig. 6.1 mark and label: • the direction of the current in the coil • the direction of the magnetic field.1 mark
• 6(a)(iii)Explain why the coil turns.2 marks
• 6(b)(i)Indicate the direction of the magnetic field on the pattern that you draw.3 marks
• 6(b)(ii)Explain how the current in one wire causes a force on the other wire.2 marks
• 21supply and decrease the current in the circuit D Reverse the d.c.1 mark
• 30is 0 V, where could the lower end of the magnet be?1 mark
• 31a.c.1 mark
• 3232 Why is a relay used in a switching circuit?1 mark
• 33N beam of electrons S In which direction is the beam deflected?1 mark
• 7(a)(i)State the effect of the magnetic field on wire PQ.2 marks
• 7(a)(ii)State the effect of using a stronger magnet.1 mark
• 7(b)(i)Explain why an e.m.f.2 marks
• 7(b)(ii)State one way of increasing the induced e.m.f.1 mark
• 7(b)(iii)Explain how the induced current opposes the motion of the magnet as it moves into the coil.2 marks

4.6Uses of an oscilloscope

• 2(a)Calculate the travel time from A to B, in ms.1 mark
• 2(c)Using speed = distance travelled / time taken, calculate the speed of sound in m/s.1 mark

5.1The nuclear model of the atom

• 36Which statements are correct?1 mark
• 37D They contain protons and neutrons.1 mark
• 7(a)(i)State which two nuclei have the same number of protons.1 mark
• 7(a)(ii)State which two nuclei have the same number of neutrons.1 mark
• 7(a)(iii)State which two nuclei have the same number of nucleons.1 mark
• 3434 How many neutrons are in one neutral atom of the krypton isotope 84Kr?1 mark
• 35D The nitrogen atom has one proton more than the carbon atom.1 mark

5.2Radioactivity

• 37What is the useful radioactive radiation emitted by S?1 mark
• 36Which field deflects the particle towards the top of the page?1 mark
• 3737 Which nuclide is produced when thorium-223, 223Th, emits an alpha-particle?1 mark
• 38What is the radiation emitted by the source?1 mark
• 38What must cause the count rate to increase?1 mark
• 39What is nuclear fusion?1 mark
• 7(b)(i)State what is meant by 'background radiation'.1 mark
• 7(b)(ii)Calculate the corrected count rate from the source.1 mark
• 7(b)(iii)Determine the reading on the counter 90 minutes later.2 marks
• 7(b)(iv)Suggest why your answer to (iii) is only an estimate.1 mark
• 7(c)Draw a line on Fig. 7.1 from each use of radiation to the type of radiation used.2 marks
• 36Which list gives the types of radiation in order of their ionising effect from greatest to least?1 mark
• 37D Half-life is the time taken for the number of nuclei of the isotope to halve.1 mark
• 39Which energy is being released and what is the name of the reaction that releases this energy inside the Sun?1 mark
• 9(a)Describe the fission of a uranium-235 nucleus.3 marks
• 9(b)Explain what happens when the control rods are withdrawn from the reactor.2 marks
• 9(c)Explain, in terms of neutrons, how a steady rate of fission is maintained.1 mark
• 9(d)Explain the purpose of the moderator.2 marks

6.1Earth and the Solar System

• 38D There is a force on each planet towards the Sun.1 mark
• 39D It orbits the Moon exactly once a year.1 mark
• 40D Light from the Sun takes 5.0 minutes to reach the Earth.1 mark
• 8(a)Mark and label on Fig. 8.1 the positions of the three planets 110 days after the position shown in Fig. 8.1.3 marks
• 8(b)(i)Suggest why the gravitational field strength at the surface of Mercury is much smaller than at the surface of Venus.1 mark
• 8(c)State what is meant by a 'moon'.1 mark
• 38What is the average orbital speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun?1 mark
• 10(c)Show your working and give the unit.3 marks

6.2Stars and the Universe

• 39What is 4.2 light-years in metres?1 mark
• 4040 What is a protostar?1 mark
• 40Which students are correct?1 mark
• 8(d)Describe what happens to the Sun when the hydrogen runs out.3 marks
• 39Which energy is being released and what is the name of the reaction that releases this energy inside the Sun?1 mark
• 40How does the frequency of the light when detected on Earth compare with its frequency when emitted and in what direction is the galaxy moving?1 mark
• 10(a)Explain why the Sun remains stable.2 marks
• 10(b)Describe what happens to a star of the same mass as the Sun at the end of its stable life.3 marks
• 10(d)(i)State the name of the galaxy that contains the Sun.1 mark
• 10(d)(ii)Explain what is meant by redshift and what causes it.2 marks
• 10(d)(iii)Explain your answer.2 marks

1.1Enterprise

• 1(a)Define the term demand.2 marks
• 1(b)Explain one factor that influences the supply of a product.3 marks
• 2(a)Define the term factors of production.2 marks
• 1(a)(ii)Explain the term opportunity cost.3 marks
• 1(a)Define the term 'social enterprise'.2 marks
• 1(b)Explain two advantages to a business of being a social enterprise.3 marks
• 1(a)(i)Define the term 'market segmentation' (line 25).2 marks

1.2Business structure

• 1(a)(i)Identify one quality an entrepreneur needs for success.1 mark
• 1Evaluate the extent to which leadership contributed to BV's effective strategic management between 2009 and 2022.20 marks
• 2(a)Define the term 'franchise'.2 marks
• 2(b)Explain two advantages to a business of buying a franchise.3 marks
• 1(c)Explain two entrepreneurial qualities that Priya has shown.4 marks

1.3Size of businessnothing yet

1.4Business objectives

• 2(a)(ii)Explain the term sustainability.3 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain one reason why MXB's objectives may change.3 marks
• 2(a)(ii)Explain the term 'mission statement' (line 2).3 marks

1.5Stakeholders in a business

• 4Analyse one way in which conflict between stakeholders may affect a business.5 marks
• 2(a)(i)Identify one stakeholder of a business.1 mark

2.1Human resource management (HRM)

• 3(a)Define the term equality.2 marks
• 3(b)Explain one benefit to a business of employing a diverse workforce.3 marks
• 1(c)Analyse two benefits to OFD of offering induction training to all employees.8 marks

2.2Motivation

• 6Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view.20 marks
• 1(a)Define the term 'piece rate'.2 marks
• 1(b)Explain two advantages to a business of using a time based payment method.3 marks

2.3Managementnothing yet

3.1The nature of marketing

• 2(b)(i)Calculate MXB's market share of the mountain bike market in country J.3 marks

3.2Market research

• 5(b)Discuss the usefulness of secondary market research to a business planning to launch a new luxury perfume.12 marks
• 7(b)Discuss the usefulness to a furniture retailer of using secondary market research when planning to enter a new market.12 marks

3.3The marketing mix

• 6(a)Analyse two benefits to a business of having a product with a unique selling point (USP).8 marks
• 6(b)'Marketing is the most important factor that will affect the success of a new coffee shop.' Evaluate this view.12 marks
• 4(a)Define the term 'price elasticity of demand'.2 marks
• 4(b)Explain two benefits to a business of knowing the price elasticity of demand of its products.3 marks
• 7(a)Analyse the advantages to a business of using online advertising.8 marks
• 1(d)Justify your recommendation.11 marks

4.1The nature of operations

• 2(b)Explain one stage of the transformational process.3 marks
• 4(a)Define the term 'Computer Aided Manufacture' (CAM).2 marks
• 4(b)Explain two disadvantages to a business of introducing CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture).3 marks
• 5(a)Analyse the advantages to a business of using mass customisation.8 marks

4.2Inventory management

• 5(b)Discuss the importance to a hotel of having effective inventory control.12 marks
• 2(a)(i)Define the term 'lead time' (line 5).2 marks
• 2(c)Analyse two benefits to MC of Just in Time (JIT) inventory control.8 marks

4.3Capacity utilisation and outsourcingnothing yet

5.1Business finance

• 3Explain why a business manager needs to understand the difference between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure.5 marks

5.2Sources of finance

• 5(a)Analyse two benefits to a business of government grants as a source of finance.8 marks
• 1(b)(ii)Explain one factor that will influence Markus' choice of a source of finance.3 marks
• 7(b)Discuss the most appropriate source of finance for a private limited company to purchase an additional factory.12 marks

5.3Forecasting and managing cash flows

• 5(b)Evaluate whether the most likely reason for the failure of a small retailer is poor management of its working capital.12 marks
• 1(b)(i)Calculate the forecast closing balance for August 2023.3 marks
• 1(a)(ii)Explain the difference between cash and profit (line 23).3 marks
• 1(b)(i)Calculate PB's forecast closing balance in month 3 (X).2 marks
• 1(b)(ii)Analyse two benefits to Priya of producing a cash flow forecast.8 marks

5.4Costs

• 1(d)Evaluate whether Markus needs accurate cost information before setting up OFD.12 marks
• 7(a)Analyse the benefits to a business of using break-even analysis.8 marks

5.5Budgetsnothing yet

6.1External influences on business activitynothing yet

6.2Business strategy

• 2Advise the Board of Directors on a marketing strategy to use when BV enters the market in country X.20 marks

7.1Organisational structurenothing yet

7.2Business communicationnothing yet

7.3Leadership

• 2(a)Define the term 'emotional intelligence'.2 marks
• 2(b)Explain two benefits to a business of autocratic leadership.3 marks
• 6Discuss the importance of emotional intelligence to a manager of a luxury holiday resort.20 marks

7.4Human resource management (HRM) strategynothing yet

8.1Marketing analysis

• 2(d)Evaluate how MXB can change its marketing mix to extend the product life cycle of its range of mountain bikes.12 marks
• 3Explain how price elasticity of demand influences the pricing decisions of a business.5 marks

8.2Marketing strategy

• 2(c)Analyse one advantage and one disadvantage to MXB of growing by launching a new product range of electric scooters.8 marks
• 5(a)Analyse the benefits to a business of focusing on the 4Cs when planning to increase its market share.8 marks

9.1Location and scalenothing yet

9.2Quality managementnothing yet

9.3Operations strategynothing yet

10.1Financial statementsnothing yet

10.2Analysis of published accounts

• 2(b)(i)Calculate MC's acid test ratio.4 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain one reason why the acid test ratio is useful to MC's Finance Director.2 marks

10.3Investment appraisal

• 2(d)Evaluate the possible impact on MC from introducing process innovation.11 marks

10.4Finance and accounting strategynothing yet

1.1Physical quantities

• 1Which row is not a reasonable estimate?1 mark

1.2SI units

• 22 Which expression has the same SI base units as pressure?1 mark
• 3What is the value of n?1 mark

1.3Errors and uncertainties

• 1(a)Use the data in Table 1.1 to calculate the speed v.2 marks
• 1(b)Use your answer in (a) (the calculated speed v) and the data in Table 1.1 to calculate the absolute uncertainty in the value of v.2 marks

1.4Scalars and vectors

• 44 Which row correctly describes the quantities momentum, power and temperature?1 mark

2.1Equations of motion

• 2(a)Define velocity.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Determine the time taken for the ball to reach the wall.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Calculate the vertical component u of the initial velocity of the ball.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)Calculate the height h of the wall.3 marks
• 5What is the initial speed with which the ball is thrown?1 mark
• 66.0 v / m s–1 3.0 0 0 5 10 15 t / s –3.0 –6.0 What is the average velocity of the toy car for the journey shown by the graph?1 mark
• 2(a)Define acceleration.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Calculate the initial horizontal component vX of the velocity of the ball.1 mark
• 2(b)(ii)Show that the initial vertical component vY of the velocity of the ball is 8.5 m s⁻¹.2 marks
• 2(b)(iii)Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach its maximum height above the ground.2 marks
• 2(c)(i)Calculate the maximum height above the ground of the ball.2 marks
• 2(d)State and explain the effect, if any, of the increased mass on the time taken by the ball to reach its maximum height.1 mark

3.1Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion

• 3(c)Calculate the magnitude of this force.3 marks
• 7What would this object weigh on Pluto?1 mark
• 1225 m s–1 1400 kg 25 m s–1 2.0° What is the useful output power of the car’s engine when travelling up the slope?1 mark
• 3(a)(i)Define force.1 mark
• 3(b)(iii)Calculate the maximum deceleration of the block.2 marks

3.2Non-uniform motion

• 1(b)On Fig. 1.1, draw and label arrows to show the directions of the two forces acting on the sphere.2 marks
• 1(c)Calculate the drag force F_D acting on the sphere.2 marks
• 1(d)Use your answer in (c) to calculate the drag coefficient C for the sphere.3 marks
• 9X 0 0 time Y 0 0 time Z 0 0 time What are the quantities X, Y and Z?1 mark

3.3Linear momentum and its conservation

• 3(b)By considering the conservation of momentum in two dimensions, calculate the magnitudes of v and w.4 marks
• 8v v 1 2 50 g 50 g 60° 60° 100 g 8 m s–1 What are speeds v and v ?1 mark
• 3(b)(v)Calculate the magnitude of the change in momentum of the block.2 marks

4.1Turning effects of forces

• 1345 N 30 N 30 N 45 N Which row describes the resultant force and resultant torque on the object?1 mark
• 14What is the upward force on the footbridge from support X?1 mark

4.2Equilibrium of forces

• 10Which row of the table gives an angle θ of 90°?1 mark
• 3(b)(iv)State and explain whether the block is in equilibrium: • before it hits the spring • when its speed becomes zero.2 marks

4.3Density and pressure

• 1111 Which force is caused by a difference in hydrostatic pressure?1 mark
• 15What is the density of the block?1 mark

5.1Energy conservation

• 18k What is the average power input to the mass?1 mark
• 19What is the output power of the turbine?1 mark
• 3(a)(ii)State what is meant by work done.1 mark

5.2Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

• 16What is the main energy transfer taking place for the man as he climbs?1 mark
• 17What is the height h from which the bead is released?1 mark
• 2(c)(ii)Calculate the mass of the ball.2 marks
• 3(b)(i)Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the block.2 marks

6.1Stress and strain

• 4(a)Define strain.1 mark
• 4(b)(i)Calculate the Young modulus of the wire.3 marks
• 4(b)(ii)On Fig. 4.1, draw a line to show how the stress varies with the strain for the wire up to its limit of proportionality.2 marks
• 4(c)By placing a tick (✓) in each row, complete Table 4.1 to compare the stress and strain of the two wires.2 marks
• 20Which equation is used to determine the extension x of the wire?1 mark

6.2Elastic and plastic behaviour

• 3(b)(ii)Use your answer in (b)(i) (the initial kinetic energy) to calculate the maximum force F_MAX exerted on the spring by the block.2 marks

7.1Progressive waves

• 21Which graph is correctly labelled?1 mark
• 4(b)(i)Calculate the wavelength of the waves.2 marks

7.2Transverse and longitudinal waves

• 4(a)(i)By reference to the direction of transfer of energy, state what is meant by a transverse wave.1 mark

7.3Doppler effect for sound waves

• 22o D The observed frequency will rise, then remain steady then return to the frequency f .1 mark
• 23What is the change in the frequency of the sound heard by the observer as the car passes?1 mark

7.4Electromagnetic spectrum

• 2424 Which list shows electromagnetic waves in order of increasing frequency?1 mark

7.5Polarisation

• 5(a)State one angle of the transmission axis to the vertical that results in no transmitted light beam.1 mark
• 5(b)(i)Calculate angle θ.2 marks
• 5(b)(ii)Calculate the ratio (amplitude of transmitted light)/(amplitude of incident light).2 marks

8.1Stationary waves

• 5(a)Explain how a stationary wave is formed between the vibration generator and the wall.2 marks
• 5(b)Calculate the wavelength of the stationary wave shown in Fig. 5.2.1 mark
• 5(c)On Fig. 5.3, sketch the shape of the stationary wave at time t = 0.24 s.2 marks
• 5(d)State the phase difference between the oscillations of points R and T.1 mark
• 5(e)Calculate the speed of the progressive waves on the stretched string.2 marks
• 25Which frequency of the oscillator produces a stationary wave with two loops?1 mark
• 4(a)(ii)State the principle of superposition.2 marks

8.2Diffraction

• 26D Two waves are travelling through the same part of a medium in opposite directions.1 mark

8.3Interference

• 28bright not to fringe scale 72 mm What is the separation of the slits?1 mark
• 4(b)(ii)Give your answer in terms of the wavelength λ of the waves.1 mark

8.4The diffraction grating

• 27What is the total number of intensity maxima from the grating?1 mark

9.1Electric current

• 29I What does this current represent?1 mark
• 30What do each of the symbols represent for an electric current in a metal wire?1 mark

9.2Potential difference and power

• 3131 Which values of current and resistance will produce a rate of energy transfer of 16 J s–1?1 mark
• 6(b)(ii)Calculate: • the total energy transferred by the battery • the number of electrons that pass through the battery.3 marks
• 6(b)(iv)Use your answer in (b)(iii) to determine the ratio (power dissipated in thermistor X)/(power dissipated in 12 Ω resistor).2 marks

9.3Resistance and resistivity

• 2(c)State one way in which the variation with temperature of the resistance of a thermistor differs from that of a platinum wire.1 mark
• 32What is the total resistance between the two ends of the coil of copper wire?1 mark
• 6(b)(iii)Calculate the resistance of X.1 mark

10.1Practical circuits

• 6(c)Calculate the internal resistance r of the cell.3 marks
• 35What is the value of R?1 mark
• 36is increased because the current in the thermistor is increased.1 mark
• 6(b)(i)By considering energy, explain why the potential difference across the terminals of the battery is less than the e.m.f.1 mark

10.2Kirchhoff’s laws

• 6(a)State Kirchhoff's first law.1 mark
• 6(b)Use Kirchhoff's laws to show that the total resistance R_T of the external circuit is given by R_T = R₁ + R₂.2 marks
• 336.0 V 3.0 V 0.8 Ω 1.2 Ω 3.0 Ω What is the current in the load resistor?1 mark
• 34D When switch S is closed, the potential difference across the battery falls because work is done against the resistance of R.1 mark
• 6(a)Show that the total resistance R of the combination is given by the equation 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃.2 marks

10.3Potential dividers

• 37How do the readings of the voltmeters change?1 mark

11.1Atoms, nuclei and radiation

• 7(a)State the nuclide notation in the form ᴬ_Z X for this nucleus of copper.1 mark
• 9(c)Determine the nucleon number of isotope X.3 marks
• 38Which graph of nucleon number N plotted against proton number Z shows the (cid:69)– decay followed by the (cid:68)-emission?1 mark

11.2Fundamental particles

• 3939 What are the structures of the proton and of the neutron in terms of quarks?1 mark
• 4040 What is the charge of a top antiquark?1 mark
• 7(b)State one similarity between a β⁺ particle and a β⁻ particle.1 mark
• 7(c)State the quark composition of a meson.1 mark
• 7(d)Show your working.2 marks

12.1Kinematics of uniform circular motionnothing yet

12.2Centripetal acceleration

• 1(b)(iii)Complete Table 1.1 by giving expressions, in terms of some or all of M, R and Φ, for the quantities indicated for each of the satellites X and Y.4 marks

13.1Gravitational fieldnothing yet

13.2Gravitational force between point masses

• 1(a)Explain how the force(s) on a satellite can result in the satellite being in a circular orbit around a planet.2 marks
• 1(c)Use the expression in (b) to calculate ρ.3 marks

13.3Gravitational field of a point massnothing yet

13.4Gravitational potential

• 1(a)Define gravitational potential at a point.2 marks
• 1(b)(i)Explain why the gravitational potential at X is negative.2 marks
• 1(b)(ii)State an expression, in terms of Φ, for the gravitational potential at Y due to the planet.2 marks
• 1(b)(iii)Complete Table 1.1 by giving expressions, in terms of some or all of M, R and Φ, for the quantities indicated for each of the satellites X and Y.4 marks

14.1Thermal equilibriumnothing yet

14.2Temperature scales

• 2(a)(i)State the magnitude and unit of absolute zero on the thermodynamic temperature scale.1 mark
• 2(a)(ii)Explain why temperature measured using a laboratory liquid-in-glass thermometer does not give a measurement of thermodynamic temperature.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Explain how Fig. 2.2 shows that platinum is a suitable metal for use in a resistance thermometer.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Suggest a reason why a platinum resistance thermometer is not suitable for measuring a rapidly changing temperature.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)Suggest a type of thermometer that is suitable for measuring a rapidly changing temperature.1 mark

14.3Specific heat capacity and specific latent heatnothing yet

15.1The molenothing yet

15.2Equation of state

• 3(b)(i)Determine the number N of molecules of the gas.2 marks
• 2(a)Calculate the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.2 marks

15.3Kinetic theory of gases

• 3(a)(ii)Use one of the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory to explain what can be deduced about the potential energy associated with the random motion of molecules in an ideal gas.2 marks
• 3(b)(ii)Determine the average translational kinetic energy E_K of one molecule of the gas.2 marks
• 2(b)(i)Show that the new volume of the gas is 4.75 × 10⁻² m³.1 mark

16.1Internal energy

• 3(b)(iii)Explain your reasoning.2 marks
• 3(c)On Fig. 3.1, sketch the variation with V of the internal energy U of the gas.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain your working.3 marks

16.2The first law of thermodynamics

• 2(c)(i)Use this information to calculate the external work done during the expansion of the gas.2 marks
• 2(c)(ii)Explain your reasoning.2 marks

17.1Simple harmonic oscillations

• 4(b)(iii)Determine the frequency of the oscillations of the ball.1 mark
• 3(a)(i)For the oscillating magnet, use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine, to two significant figures, the frequency f.2 marks

17.2Energy in simple harmonic motion

• 3(a)(ii)For the oscillating magnet, use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine, to two significant figures, the energy of the oscillations during the time interval t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.3 marks

17.3Damped and forced oscillations, resonance

• 4(a)State what is meant by resonance.2 marks
• 4(b)(i)State the name of the phenomenon illustrated by the decrease in the amplitude of the oscillations in Fig. 4.2.1 mark
• 4(b)(ii)Explain the decrease with time of the amplitude of the oscillations of the ball.2 marks
• 4(c)On Fig. 4.3, sketch the variation with f of the amplitude of the oscillations of the ball.2 marks
• 3(b)Explain, with reference to Fig. 3.2, whether this damping is light, critical or heavy.1 mark

18.1Electric fields and field lines

• 5(a)Define electric field.2 marks

18.2Uniform electric fields

• 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.1, draw four field lines to represent the electric field between the plates.2 marks
• 5(b)(ii)Determine the strength E of the electric field between the plates.2 marks
• 5(b)(iii)On Fig. 5.1, draw the path of the electron as it moves between and beyond the plates.2 marks

18.3Electric force between point charges

• 4(a)State Coulomb's law.2 marks
• 4(b)(ii)Use data from Fig. 4.2 to determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the proton.3 marks

18.4Electric field of a point chargenothing yet

18.5Electric potentialnothing yet

19.1Capacitors and capacitancenothing yet

19.2Energy stored in a capacitornothing yet

19.3Discharging a capacitor

• 6(a)Explain the shape of the line in Fig. 6.2.3 marks
• 6(b)(i)Use Fig. 6.2 to determine resistance R.2 marks
• 6(b)(ii)Use Fig. 6.2 to determine the time constant τ of the circuit in Fig. 6.1.3 marks
• 6(c)Use your answers in (b) to determine capacitance C.2 marks
• 5(b)(ii)Determine the time, in s, for which the capacitor is discharging between times t = 1.0 ms and t = 5.0 ms.1 mark
• 5(b)(iii)Using your smoothed V_OUT line drawn on Fig. 5.1 and the discharging time found in (b)(ii), calculate the resistance R.2 marks

20.1Concept of a magnetic fieldnothing yet

20.2Force on a current-carrying conductornothing yet

20.3Force on a moving charge

• 5(c)(i)Determine the direction of the uniform magnetic field.1 mark
• 5(c)(ii)Explain, with reference to the forces exerted by the two fields on the electron, why the path of the electron is undeviated.2 marks
• 5(c)(iii)Give a unit with your answer.2 marks
• 6(a)(i)Use letters from Fig. 6.1 to identify the two faces between which the Hall voltage is produced.1 mark
• 6(b)(i)Use the letters in Fig. 6.1 to identify the distance t.1 mark

20.4Magnetic fields due to currentsnothing yet

20.5Electromagnetic induction

• 7(b)Calculate the average electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced in coil C when a current of 3.5 A is reversed in the solenoid in a time of 2.4 ms.2 marks
• 7(c)Describe qualitatively the e.m.f.2 marks

21.1Characteristics of alternating currents

• 7(b)(i)Show that the maximum power dissipated in R is 0.22 W.2 marks
• 7(b)(iii)Calculate the mean power dissipated in R.1 mark
• 5(a)(i)Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of the supply potential difference before rectification.2 marks

21.2Rectification and smoothing

• 7(b)(ii)On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation with t of the power P dissipated in R.3 marks
• 7(c)Explain, without calculation, how the mean power now dissipated in R compares with the answer in (b)(iii).2 marks
• 5(a)(ii)State the type of rectification shown in Fig. 5.1.1 mark
• 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.1, draw a line to show V_OUT between times t = 1.0 ms and t = 5.0 ms.3 marks

22.1Energy and momentum of a photonnothing yet

22.2Photoelectric effect

• 8(a)Describe two phenomena associated with the photoelectric effect that cannot be explained using a wave theory of light.2 marks
• 8(b)(i)Identify the symbol λ₀.1 mark
• 8(b)(ii)Use Fig. 8.1 to determine the magnitude of λ₀.1 mark
• 8(b)(iii)Show your working.3 marks
• 8(c)On Fig. 8.1, draw a line to show the variation with 1/λ of E_max for the oxidised surface.2 marks

22.3Wave-particle dualitynothing yet

22.4Energy levels in atoms and line spectranothing yet

23.1Mass defect and nuclear binding energy

• 9(a)Complete the equation.1 mark
• 9(b)(ii)Calculate the binding energy per nucleon, in MeV, of lanthanum-139 (¹³⁹₅₇La).3 marks

23.2Radioactive decay

• 7(b)(i)Use Fig. 7.1 to explain why other particles apart from the β⁻ particles must be emitted during this decay.3 marks
• 7(b)(ii)State the name of the other particle emitted during the decay of this isotope.1 mark
• 7(b)(iii)Give the radioactive decay equation for this decay.3 marks
• 9(a)Define half-life of a radioactive isotope.1 mark
• 9(b)(i)State the name of the quantity represented by the magnitude of the gradient of line X in Fig. 9.1.1 mark
• 9(b)(ii)State three conclusions about X or Y that may be drawn from Fig. 9.1.3 marks
• 7(a)State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in nucleus X.2 marks

24.1Production and use of ultrasound

• 10(b)(i)Explain how ultrasound pulses are used to obtain diagnostic information about internal body structures in medical diagnosis.3 marks
• 10(b)(iii)State the approximate value of the intensity reflection coefficient at the boundary between the two media when: • Z₁ is almost equal to Z₂ • Z₁ is very different from Z₂.2 marks

24.2Production and use of X-rays

• 8(b)(i)State the name of the particles.1 mark
• 8(b)(ii)On Fig. 8.1, use + and – signs to label terminals X and Y to indicate the polarity of the high voltage.1 mark
• 8(c)(i)For an accelerating voltage of 32 kV, determine the maximum energy, in MeV, of an X-ray photon produced at the target.1 mark
• 8(c)(ii)Determine the maximum momentum of an X-ray photon produced at the target.2 marks
• 8(c)(iii)Determine the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced at the target.3 marks
• 8(d)Explain why X-rays can be used to produce images of internal body structures that have good contrast.3 marks
• 10(a)(i)State what is meant by contrast in an X-ray image.1 mark
• 10(a)(ii)Calculate the ratio (intensity of radiation transmitted through the bone) / (intensity of radiation transmitted through the muscle).2 marks

24.3PET scanning

• 11(a)(i)State what is meant by a tracer.2 marks
• 11(a)(ii)State the name of the particles that are emitted from the body and detected by the detectors during PET scanning.1 mark
• 11(b)Explain how these particles are created from positrons.3 marks
• 11(c)Suggest why two of these photons are needed to create one positron.2 marks

25.1Standard candles

• 10(a)(i)State what is meant by the luminosity of a star.2 marks
• 10(a)(ii)Explain how a standard candle in a distant galaxy can be used to determine the distance of the galaxy from an observer.3 marks
• 12(a)(i)Name the term used to describe an astronomical object that has known luminosity.1 mark
• 12(a)(ii)Determine the distance of the star from Earth.2 marks

25.2Stellar radii

• 10(b)(i)Give a unit with your answer.2 marks
• 10(b)(ii)Determine the surface temperature of this star.2 marks
• 12(b)(i)Explain your reasoning.2 marks
• 12(b)(ii)Use this information to determine the radius of the star.2 marks

25.3Hubble’s law and the Big Bang theorynothing yet